Topic
7 - How far?
No
definitions
Topic
8 - Acids and bases
Acid
(Bronsted-Lowry) proton
donor
Base
(Bronsted-Lowry) proton
acceptor
Strong
acid or base fully
ionised (or dissociated)
Weak
acid or base partially
ionised (or dissociated)
Conjugate
acid-base pairs Two species
differing by H+
pH pH =
-log[H+]
Kw
(ionic product of water) Kw
= [H+][OH-
Ka
(acid dissociation constant) Ka
= [H+][A-]
[HA]
pKa pKa
= -log[Ka]
Buffer
solution a
solution that resists change in pH
Topic
9 - How fast?
Rate
of reaction rate
of change of concentration of reactants or products (units are mol dm-3
s-1)
Order
of reaction power
of reactant’s concentration in the rate equation
Rate
constant the
constant of proportionality, k, in the rate equation
Half-life the time
for the concentration of a reactant to fall to half its original value
Rate
determining step the
slowest step (in the reaction mechanism)
Topic
10 - Lattice enthalpy and entropy
Lattice
enthalpy the
enthalpy change that accompanies the formation of one mole of a solid compound
from its constituent gaseous ions
e.g. Na+(g) + Cl-(g) ®
NaCl(s)
Enthalpy
of neutralisation the change in
enthalpy
that occurs when an acid
and base undergo a neutralisation reaction to form one mole
of water i.e. H+(aq) +
OH-(aq) ®
H2O(l)
Enthalpy
of solution Enthalpy when
one mole of an ionic solid is completely dissolved in water
e.g. NaCl(s) ® Na+(aq) + Cl-(aq)
Enthalpy
of hydration Enthalpy
change when one mole of gaseous ions is completely dissolved in water
e.g. Na+(g) ®
Na+(aq) or Cl-(g) ® Cl-(aq)
Topic
11 - Transition elements
Transition
element a d-block
element that forms one or more stable ions with an incomplete set of d
electrons
Complex
ion a
central ion surrounded by ligands
Ligand an ion or
molecule with a lone pair of electrons able to form a dative covalent bond
Ligand
substitution a
reaction in which one ligand is displaced by another ligand
Co-ordination
number the number of lone
pairs bonded to the central ion
Bidentate
ligand a ligand that
can form two dative bonds because it has two lone pairs
Topic
12 - Electrode potentials
Standard
electrode potential the voltage of
a cell when the electrode is connected to a hydrogen electrode under standard
conditions
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